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Physical and Chemical Analysis and Measurement
- Introduction
- CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
  - General considerations
    - MAJOR CATEGORIES OF ANALYSIS
    - DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMICAL ANALYTICAL METHODS
  - Principal stages
  - Preliminary laboratory methods
  - Interference removal
    - Distillation.
    - Selective precipitation.
    - Filtration.
    - Complexation.
    - Osmosis.
    - Extraction.
    - Electrogravimetry.
    - Chromatography.
  - Classical methods
    - CLASSICAL QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
    - CLASSICAL QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
  - Instrumental methods
    - SPECTRAL METHODS
      - Absorptiometry.
        
        Nuclear magnetic resonance.
        
        Microwave absorptiometry.
        
        Thermal analysis.
        
        Infrared spectrophotometry.
        
        Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry.
        
        X-ray absorption.
      - Scattered radiation.
        
        Turbidimetry and nephelometry.
        
        Refractometry.
      - Emitted radiation.
        
        Luminescence.
        
        X-ray emission.
        
        Electron spectroscopy.
        
        Radiochemical methods.
    - ELECTROANALYSIS
      - Conductometry.
      - Voltammetry.
        
        Classic polarography.
        
        Triangular-wave voltammetry.
        
        AC voltametry.
        
        Pulse and differential pulse voltammetry.
      - Electrogravimetry.
      - Coulometry.
      - Amperometry.
      - Potentiometry.
        
        Inert-indicator-electrode potentiometry.
        
        Ion-selective electrodes.
    - SEPARATORY METHODS
      - Chromatography.
        
        Gas chromatography.
        
        Liquid chromatography.
      - Mass spectrometry.
- CHEMICAL SEPARATIONS AND PURIFICATIONS
  - Basic concepts of separations
    - Reasons for making separations.
    - Classification of separations.
      - Separations based on equilibria.
      - Separations based on rates.
      - Particle separations.
    - Single-stage versus multistage processes.
  - Principles of specific methods
    - Equilibrium separations.
      - Distillation.
      - Chromatography.
      - Exclusion and clathration.
      - Supercritical-fluid methods.
      - Crystallization and precipitation.
      - Zone melting.
    - Rate separations.
      - Field separations.
      - Barrier separations.
    - Particle separations.
      - Filtration and screening.
      - Elutriation.
      - Particle electrophoresis and electrostatic precipitation.
      - Foam fractionation and flotation.
  - Chromatography
    - HISTORY
      - Early developments.
      - Subsequent developments.
    - METHODS
      - Geometry.
        
        Column chromatography.
        
        Planar chromatography.
      - Mode of operation.
        
        Development chromatography.
        
        Elution chromatography.
      - Retention mechanism.
      - Phases.
        
        Gas chromatography.
        
        Liquid chromatography.
    - SAMPLE RECOVERY
    - METHODS OF DETECTION
      - Detector characteristics.
      - Gas chromatographic detectors.
      - Liquid chromatographic detectors.
      - Chromatography-mass spectrometry methods.
    - EFFICIENCY AND RESOLUTION
      - Column efficiency.
      - Resolution.
    - THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
      - Retention.
      - Plate height.
    - APPLICATIONS
- MASS SPECTROMETRY
  - HISTORY
    - Focusing spectroscopes.
    - Ion-velocity spectrometers.
  - GENERAL PRINCIPLES
    - Ion sources.
      - Electron bombardment.
      - Thermal ionization.
      - Spark discharge.
      - Secondary-ion emission.
      - Field ionization.
      - High-frequency-produced plasma.
      - Photoionization.
      - Resonance photoionization.
      - Negative ions.
    - Sample introduction.
    - Ion-beam analysis.
      - General objectives.
      - Magnetic field analysis.
      - Electrostatic field analysis.
      - Combined electric and magnetic field analysis.
      - z-axis focusing.
      - Time of flight.
      - Ion-trap methods.
      - Tandem spectrometry.
      - Quadrupole spectrometer.
    - Ion beam detection.
      - Photographic plates.
      - Faraday cup.
      - Electron multipliers.
      - Daly detector.
      - Multiple detectors.
  - IMPORTANT TECHNICAL ADJUNCTS
    - Vacuum.
    - Electronics.
    - Computers.
  - APPLICATIONS
    - Atomic.
      - Atomic masses.
      - Geochronology and geochemistry.
      - Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur in nature.
      - Trace element analysis.
    - Molecular.
      - Ion-molecule reactions.
      - Organic chemistry.
      - Space probes.
      - Leak detection.
  - ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY
    - Development.
    - Operation of the tandem electrostatic accelerator.
    - Applications.
- SPECTROSCOPY
  - Survey of optical spectroscopy
    - GENERAL PRINCIPLES
      - Basic features of electromagnetic radiation.
      - Basic properties of atoms.
      - Historical survey.
      - Applications.
    - PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
      - General methods of spectroscopy.
      - Types of electromagnetic-radiation sources.
        
        Broadband-light sources.
        
        Line sources.
        
        Laser sources.
        
        Techniques for obtaining Doppler-free spectra.
        
        Pulsed lasers.
      - Methods of dispersing spectra.
        
        Refraction.
        
        Diffraction.
        
        Interference.
      - Optical detectors.
  - Foundations of atomic spectra
    - BASIC ATOMIC STRUCTURE
    - HYDROGEN ATOM STATES
      - Angular momentum quantum numbers.
      - Fine and hyperfine structure of spectra.
    - THE PERIODIC TABLE
      - Quantum behaviour of fermions and bosons.
      - Electron configurations.
      - Total orbital angular momentum and total spin angular momentum.
    - ATOMIC TRANSITIONS
    - PERTURBATIONS OF LEVELS
  - Molecular spectroscopy
    - GENERAL PRINCIPLES
    - THEORY OF MOLECULAR SPECTRA
      - Rotational energy states.
      - Vibrational energy states.
      - Electronic energy states.
      - Energy states of real diatomic molecules.
    - EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
    - FIELDS OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY
      - Microwave spectroscopy.
        
        Types of microwave spectrometer.
        
        Molecular applications.
      - Infrared spectroscopy.
        
        Infrared instrumentation.
        
        Analysis of absorption spectra.
      - Raman spectroscopy.
      - Visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy.
        
        Electronic transitions.
        
        Factors determining absorption regions.
      - Fluorescence and phosphorescence.
        
        Fluorescence.
        
        Phosphorescence.
      - Photoelectron spectroscopy.
      - Laser spectroscopy.
        
        Doppler-limited spectroscopy.
        
        Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS).
        
        Laser magnetic resonance and Stark spectroscopies.
  - X-ray and radio-frequency spectroscopy
    - X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY
      - Relation to atomic structure.
        
        X-ray tubes.
        
        Synchrotron sources.
      - X-ray optics.
      - X-ray detectors.
      - Applications.
    - RADIO-FREQUENCY SPECTROSCOPY
      - Origins.
      - Methods.
  - Resonance-ionization spectroscopy
    - IONIZATION PROCESSES
      - Basic energy considerations.
      - RIS schemes.
      - Lasers for RIS.
    - ATOM COUNTING
    - RESONANCE-IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY
      - Noble gas detection.
      - Neutrino detection.
    - RIS ATOMIZATION METHODS
      - Thermal atomization.
      - Sputter atomization.
    - ADDITIONAL APPLICATIONS OF RIS
      - On-line accelerator applications.
      - Molecular applications.
- RADIATION MEASUREMENT
  - RADIATION INTERACTIONS IN MATTER
    - Interactions of heavy charged particles.
    - Interactions of fast electrons.
    - Interactions of gamma rays and X rays.
      - Photoelectric absorption.
      - Compton scattering.
      - Pair production.
      - Role of energy and atomic number.
    - Interactions of neutrons.
      - Slow neutrons.
      - Fast neutrons.
    - Applications of radiation interactions in detectors.
  - PASSIVE DETECTORS
    - Photographic emulsions.
      - Radiographic films.
      - Nuclear emulsions.
      - Film badge dosimeters.
    - Thermoluminescent materials.
    - Memory phosphors.
    - Track-etch detectors.
    - Neutron-activation foils.
    - Bubble detector.
  - ACTIVE DETECTORS
    - Modes of operation.
      - Current mode.
      - Integrating mode.
      - Pulse mode.
    - Counting and spectroscopy systems.
      - Counting systems.
      - Spectroscopy systems.
    - Detection efficiency.
    - Timing characteristics.
    - Gas-filled detectors.
      - Ion chambers.
      - Proportional counters.
      - Geiger-Müller counters.
    - Semiconductor detectors.
      - Silicon detectors.
      - Germanium detectors.
    - Scintillation and Cerenkov detectors.
      - Scintillators.
      - Inorganic scintillators.
      - Organic scintillators.
      - Cerenkov detectors.
      - Conversion of light to charge.
    - Neutron detectors.
      - Slow-neutron detectors.
      - Fast-neutron detectors.
- MATERIALS TESTING
  - MECHANICAL TESTING
    - Static tension and compression tests.
    - Static shear and bending tests.
    - Measures of ductility.
    - Hardness testing.
    - Impact test.
    - Fracture toughness tests.
    - Creep test.
    - Fatigue.
  - MEASUREMENT OF THERMAL PROPERTIES
    - Thermal conductivity.
    - Specific heat.
    - Thermal expansion.
  - MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
  - TESTING FOR CORROSION, RADIATION, AND BIOLOGICAL DETERIORATION
    - Corrosion.
    - Radiation.
    - Biological deterioration.
  - NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING
    - Liquids.
    - Radiation.
    - Sound.
    - Magnetism.
    - Infrared.
- Bibliography
  - Chemical analysis.
  - Chemical separations and purifications.
  - Mass spectrometry.
  - Spectroscopy.
  - Radiation measurement.
  - Materials testing.

Physical and Chemical Analysis and Measurement

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

CHEMICAL SEPARATIONS AND PURIFICATIONS

MASS SPECTROMETRY

SPECTROSCOPY

RADIATION MEASUREMENT

MATERIALS TESTING

Bibliography